Volume
2 Issue 1 May 17, 2005
Look-alike Winter Annuals
Winter annual plants have an early season
competitive advantage over summer annual weeds. Plants
such as field pennycress and shepherd’s purse are
beginning to bloom and other winter annuals have vigorous
levels of growth. We have received several samples of
winter annuals in the past two weeks and thought we would
discuss identification hints for three winter annuals in
vegetative stages of development. Scentless or false
chamomile, flixweed and tansy mustard all have finely
divided pinnately compound leaves. Superficially, these
plants appear the same but paying attention to
characteristics of the leaves makes separation of these
three plants from each other and from others relatively
simple.
Table
summarizing the vegetative characteristics of three
similar winter annuals.
Scentless
chamomile, as its
names suggests does not have an odor when you crush plant
parts and when you look at the finely divided leaf
segments with a hand lens they are spine tipped.
Pineapple weed is a closely related plant and in early
vegetative stages looks very similar, but pineapple weed
has a distinct fruity odor even as a seedling (leaf
segments are also spine tipped).
Scentless chamomile is expanding its range in NW
Minnesota. For a period of years this plant was found
primarily around Thief River Falls, but now is found
scattered in areas from Roseau to Crookston and is
probably moving with infested farm equipment and crops.
Scentless chamomile acts as an annual, winter annual and
short lived perennial. Early season tillage controls most
winter annuals, but this plant has an extensive fibrous
root system that holds a large amount of soil and can
re-establish itself if soil conditions are moist.
Scentless chamomile thrives under wet conditions and the
seeds are reported to float and may move into fields when
ditches flood. A number of herbicides have activity on
this weed including Curtail, Stinger, Express, Harmony
Extra, glyphosate, bromoxynil. Scentless chamomile is
more of a challenge to control in conventional soybean
production. Control should be focused on plants in the
rosette stage before they bolt.
Flixweed
looks grayish
green because it is densely covered with star shaped and
forked hairs. The crushed leaves have an old moldy
basement smell to us, but some references call the odor
foul. The leaves of flixweed are pinnately divided one
more time than tansy mustard (compare Figures 4 and 6).
Flixweed is widely distributed in NW MN but is observed
more on field margins, or in un-cropped disturbed areas,
or in winter wheat. Flixweed grows both as an annual and
as a winter annual and tillage is an effective means of
controlling the winter annual form. This is not a very
competitive mustard species and is certainly less
competitive than wild mustard. Flixweed is not very
difficult to control with herbicides (control is very
similar to wild mustard), but interestingly it is more
somewhat more tolerant of 2,4-D than it is to MCPA. The
tolerance of flixweed to herbicides increases as it
reaches bolting (and later) stages of development.
Tansy
mustard also grows
as an annual and winter annual and looks very similar to
flixweed until you look at leaf hairs and the divisions of
the leaves. This plant is found throughout the region but
is much less common than flixweed. Control of this plant
is similar to flixweed.
Winter
annual plants have thrived in this very cold spell we have
been enduring and many of these species are getting ready
to bloom. Be sure to take a few moments from your busy
days to appreciate these specialized plants!
Carlyle Holen, IPM Specialist
and Jim Stordahl, Extension Educator—Ag
Polk/Clearwater Counties
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